Doing Business in Spain Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Doing Business in Spain - Assignment ExampleIn this respect, a new business venture with the aid of the marketing analysis is able to conduct operations in accordance with business opportunities (Katz, Negotiating International Business Spain).Spain is a member of the European Commission familiarity and the membership of European Union (EU) facilitated the country to conduct barrier-free trade operations. In this context, the country is able to perform business operations with better growth opportunities. Moreover, with the coming of globalization, the country has been able to perform sustainably with better transp atomic number 18ncy as well as efficiency (Katz, Negotiating International Business Spain).The assignment intends to highlight an overview of Spain with regard to culture, education, grasp market and economy. Additionally, an analysis is conducted with the aim of obtaining adequate information in relation to the business environments in the Spain on the basis of busi ness culture, investment climate, major industries, sound aspects i.e. labor laws and other laws, business opportunities, process of starting a business in Spain. The analysis further helps to understand the significant areas about business opportunities.Spain is a member state of European Union and the country is officially recognized as Kingdom of Spain (Compare Infobase Ltd., Spain Map). Spanish culture is widely known for its flamenco dance and music, beaches, bullfights and sunshine. Additionally, the people believes in developing relationship as well as respect (Don Quijote Salamanca S.L., Spanish Culture).Around 12% of the overall populations of Spain are foreigners of which around 47% belongs to European origin and rest is non-European. According to the article published by EURES, 60% of the overall populations of the country are identified as active workers. Spain has the fourth largest economy in the Eurozone in terms of business operations. Additionally, in terms of nomi nal

Assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

2 - Assignment Example7. The researchers excluded persons from the study who had a history of psychiatric illness. Provide a rationale for excluding these persons. Basically, the experiment was aimed at finding the best treatment for depression. Therefore, having an earlier treatment for psychiatry may affect the results of the experiment.2. What statistics were used to describe the demographic protean Estimated Yearly Family Income in this study? Were these appropriate? Employment and the socioeconomic status were used for measuring the yearly family income in this study. However, these were not the appropriate measures.Non parametric statistical analysis techniques are the best fit for education. Parametric tests are done for data whose variances are homogeneous. However, this is not the case for education and therefore, non-parametric tests are best for education.9. be there significant differences between the intervention and the control groups for any of the variables in Table I? Provide a rationale for your answer. From the table, there are no significant differences between the intervention and the control groups. This is because there are no significant differences in the percentages of the control groups and the intervention group.6. Explain why the number of bestow subjects data in Table 2 is for 859 subjects when the total sample for the study was 869 subjects. The people who had a history of cardiac attacks earlier were excluded from the experiment.This study and its results cannot be conclude for the United States. This is because the sample was not representative. The sample was only selected in the rural areas and the sample size was not sufficient, therefore does not reflect the condition in the United States.1. The following list represents the number of nursing students enrolled in a particular nursing program between the years of 2001 and 2007, respectively 563, 593, 606, 520, 563, 610, and 577. Determine the mean,

The Color of Water Essay Example for Free

The Color of Water EssayThe Color of Water by pile McBride was a story more or less a boylike boy trying to figure out his racial identity solely his mother would not talk close to her past or what escape she was. in solely James knew was that she was white aliveness in a black power neighborhood and that concomitant terrified him. He thought that to grow up he had to know his racial identity besides through all the trouble and hard times he went through he wise(p) that his race did not matter. It was his education that was the most important.Ruth attitude about her race effected James through his childhood and as a young adult, she negatively impact his racial development, and Ruth eventually clears up his questions that he has been dying to get answers from. Ruth McBrides attitude toward her own race affected her son, James McBride, as both a child and as a young adult. Ruth mainly looked down on her race because of her father. All he care about was money and the s tore, he did not care about his own wife or family. He also molested Ruth when she was a young girl.When James was a young boy he always questioned her about race. He wanted to know if he was black or white and he also asked what food colouring Jesus was. James mother would not completely answer his question. She responded saying that James was a human and education was all that mattered, and that Jesus was the color of weewee. As a kid, James knew that his mother was white, and that terrified him. He knew that a white lady living in a black neighborhood, also with black kids, was living in danger.James really realized his mothers danger when Ruth and James were walking home and a man came up and steal Ruths purse. James figured out how strong and brave or crazy his mother was when she did not fight the theft back and all she told James was that it was just a purse and it did not matter. When James grew up, he thought that Ruth was going crazy, and he didnt respect her like he did in the past. If James would have known about his mothers past, it wouldnt have change much. He might have been more justificatory for her but that would be about it.Ruths impact on Jamess racial development is negative, but she had good intentions. James never knows what his racial background is and that bothers him throughout his life. If he would have known what his mothers background was maybe then he would understand himself in his eyes, but it does not take your race to figure out yourself, it takes learning who you are on the inside. Ruth was trying to make it a positive impact on his racial development. Ruth knew that race did not matter, it was about what was on the inside of the person, but James did not understand that concept.Race never concerned him by saying he was not going to associate himself with a person because of their background but he want to know about their race, and Ruth had no cares about their race, which is a better way to go at it. Ruth offers James co nfusion as he grapples with his racial identity as a younger boy, but she offers him clarity as a young adult. When James was young, Ruth would answer any of her questions and that bothered him but he knew not to push her to her limit or he would get the belt. He does not know what half of his race is, he know he was black from his father but knew nothing about his mothers race.Ruth was not ashamed to be a Jew, but she did not support Judaism because of her father, Tateh. She was not hiding the fact that she was a Jew from James but she did not want to think about everything that she ran away from when she left Suffolk, Virginia and her family, more importantly her mother, Hudis Shilksy. When James turns into the young adult he finds out that knowing your race does not help you in life like a good education does. Even though he has learned this Ruth starts to explain his questions about race to him. In the story The Color of Water, James has unanswered questions as a child.At the e nd of the book James learns about Ruths race and he finds out his racial identity. James also finds out Gods color, He is the color of water and water is neither, black or white. Ruth had harmful memories when she was a Jew because of her father and when he might her first husband, Dennis, she changed her faith and found happiness. Ruths race affected Ruth which later on affected her son James negatively. Her angry about her past led to Jamess confusion about his own racial identity, but later on got all his questions answered.

Bollywood Film Essay Example for Free

Bollywood Film EssayThe development of technology has caused non-homogeneous changes in the different aspects of the society. One of the most observ equal to(p) modifications is in terms of the source of enjoyment for most people. Nowadays, majority of the people are interested in watching movies. They tend to get the satisfaction out of looking at actors and actresses play various roles. Motion pictures also portray different themes that could be focused on romance, actions, horror, science fiction, and others. The clamor for movies also paved the way for the success and popularity of numerous thespians such as those in Bollywood. Bollywood usually make movies that feature the concept of Scopophilia, which literally means the love of watching. This term is also synonymous with voyeurism that pertains to the experience of sexual satisfaction by means of observing other people in secret. Most of the time, the object of such kind of desire is someone who is undressed or act i n a sexual activity. The main idea in the concept of scopophilia is that the one who is looking or peeping does not interact with the person being observed.In the same manner that movie-viewing also adheres to such practice because the audience watches the activities of the people on the screen, who are unaware that they are being observed. Most of the time, filmmakers would use sexy scenes in order to satisfy the sense of scopophilia within a person. However, they could get around it by featuring a chaste woman in the plot of the story. In this sense, the filmmakers are rattling creating a balance between a woman who easily engages in sexual activity and another female who represents the conservative nourish of being chaste.This is greatly observable in Shri 420, wherein it shows two women that were linked with the main character Raj, Vidya the virtuous woman and Maya the sultry temptress. The film shows erotic scenes especially those involving Maya. Nevertheless, they were able to get away with it because of the argument that these scenes are important in order to show the difference of Maya from Vidya. As such, erotic scenes were perceived to have an important pattern in the plot of the story to be able to distinguish the kinds of women that exist.This also symbolizes the difference of the good and the bad that is shown in the movie, wherein Raj was with Vidya when he was still living a morally upright life but later on tempted by Maya when he was already engaged in illegal activities. The discussions above show that scopophilia is actually the main idea behind the very nature of movie-watching. Filmmakers usually use erotic scenes in order to satisfy this kind of desire within a person. Nevertheless, erotic scenes also have an important part in the movie as it tends to distinguish the upright life from the unethical one by use women as examples.

Marcel Duchamps and Andy Warhol Essay Example for Free

Marcel Duchamps and Andy Warhol Essay

Ancient Egypt’s Comparison with Mesopotamia

quaint Egypts Comparison with MesopotamiaAncient Egypts nation system compared with MesopotamiaAncient Egyptians had an easier life compared to the other ancient civilizations because of their reli sufficient kitchen-gardening system. geographics played a astronomical role, especially in farming. Due to geography, Mesopotamia and Egypt had diametrical farming methods, weathers, surround, and flooding seasons. In fact, Egypts great farming system conduct them to have better conditions to farm than Mesopotamia because of flooding, the rivers and irrigation and the farming tools that they used. Economy, crops, flooding, and the weather varied amidst Mesopotamia and Egypt. Geography, flooding seasons, different farming tools, and methods led Egypt to have a better agriculture system than Egypt.The difference between geographies, which includes the environment, was the main factor that the farming was different in Mesopotamians and Egyptians. Flooding influenced farming in Mesopot amia and Egypt. However, flooding helped Egypt hardly it influenced badly in Mesopotamia. Egypt is settled on the worlds longest river, the Nile, which flows from south to north because of the geography of land. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt had a predictable flooding seasons. Farmers, knowing when to expect floods, were able to schedule growing seasons around when crops needed water. Not only did flooding help with good timing with farming, but it also provided rich soil from the flooding. The Nile River floods between June and October (Louis, and Jennifer). After floods, there would be a fertile land along the river which Egyptians used to plant and grow things such as fruits and vegetables (Gill, 29). Flood played a big role in farming and growing crops in Egypt.On the contrary, growing crops were more difficult for Mesopotamians because of the difference in geography. Mesopotamia had limited natural resources because of the occasional floods (David, 117). Farmers had no prediction when it was going to flood, which gave the farmers with child(p) terms finding the right season to farm. Unlike Egyptians, Mesopotamians lived in the city-states which were based on farming and trade. The city-states were a sort out of small cities which needed unity with one the other. Also, they were isolated from one another geographically and so the independence of each city-state became important. Farming played a big role in city-states. However, Egypt did not have a good environment, especially the flood was the main problem. Floods destroyed villages and took mevery lives (David, 121). The floods sometimes caused rivers to change courses and due to this farmers had a lot of trouble with crops. Sudden floods forced Mesopotamians to create an organized agricultural system to help them with farming and growing crops. Mesopotamia was very dry, hot and had little rainfall. Farmers had hard time finding water for their crops. Farming was hard for Mesopotamians due to the hot w eather and bad environment conditions (David, 122).Flood was not the only cause of having different farming system, but also due to using different tools and farming methods. Using different tools in farming and farming in different environment such as soil and weathers led Mesopotamia and Egypt to harvest different crops. Egyptian grew a lot of crops due to good weather and soil. Egyptian farmers grew crops such as wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines (Barrow). Also, they grew flax which was made into linen (Barrow). Out of all the crops that the Egyptian farmers harvested, the most important crop was grain because ancient Egyptians used grain to make bread, porridge and beer (Barrow). Moreover, grain was the first base crop that they grew after inundation. Once the grain was harvested, they grew vegetables, such as onions, leeks, cabbages beans and lettuce (Barrow). Crops differed between Mesopotamia and Egypt because of the environment, but also due to the different tools that they used to farm. Ancient Egyptian had transparent farming tools such as winnowing scoops, hoes, rakes, flint-bladed sickles and ploughs (Barrow). Farming methods, and tools also took a big role in Egypt to have a reliable farming system. Moreover, Egypt was geography isolated by deserts, mountains and seas which allowed their crops to grow well.Mesopotamia had only few crops to grow due to the geography and flooding which influenced the Economy. Due to unpredictable floods, Mesopotamians did not know when to farm. For some farmers, when it was time to harvest, flooded unexpectedly and swept away all the crops. However, the farmers raised few crops which were grains, fruit, vegetables, and barn yard animals. One of the methods that the farmers used was by filling the containers with seeds. Cows would overcharge plow seed and the seeds would go into the ground (Louis, and Jennifer). Mesopotamian people invented the seeder plow, which enabled farmers to ca rry out the tasks of seeding and plowing at the same time. The plow created a long, narrow infringe made in the ground as seed was dropped into a funnel (Gabriel). The Mesopotamians further enhanced the technology of the plow by learning how to use ox to power it (Gabriel). There were few farming methods, however, Mesopotamia did not have enough methods than Egypt (Louis, and Jennifer). Due to the lack of farming methods, the Mesopotamian farmers hand harvested most crops. Because of the unpredictable flood, and lack of farming tools and methods, Egypt had a better profit in crops and had developed farming system.Along with the farming methods and tools, Mesopotamian and Egyptians were both influenced by geography (McIntosh, 56). Egypt, irrigation led to an increased food lend and helped water dry lands with streams, canals, or pipes. Due to irrigation, farmers could plan for the seasonal flooding. Nile River played a big role in farming because the river provided silt whenever th ere was a flood, so Egypt was ready for flood and they did not have to worry about the right time for farming. Also, after floods, there would be a fertile foray along the Nile River that was about 12 miles wide (Louis, and Jennifer). Moreover, this benefited the soil, due to this they had rich fertile soil which was good for farming. Not only good fertile soil land, but also the economy boosted. Farmers had a lot of profit due to growing crops. Crops were able to boost the economy because of irrigation. This increased food supply, fertile lands, canals, pipes, and farmers suffered less. Due to Egypts geography, economy boosted because of crops.On the other land, Mesopotamia had hard time with their economy because of their geography. Mesopotamia depended on Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, however, they sometimes brought unpredictable floods (Wallenfels, 28-29). Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was overwhelmed with a man-sized amount of silt. This silt was a constant cause of problems in th e manmade irrigation systems (Grigg, 22). Not only the silt was the problem, but also the salt was the problem. Right below the surface of where Mesopotamia was, there was a large cluster of salt deposits. This high saline content of the soil made farming in Mesopotamia much more complex and difficult than it was in Egypt. Also, any time the irrigation waterways were not able to be maintained, a lack of the large food would result. Due to the salt deposit and overload of silt caused a lour in economy and crops in Mesopotamia (Grigg, 21).Above all, Egypt had better and suitable environment to grow crops which developed their farming skills as well as their economy. Also, there were umpteen farming methods and tools which led them to grow more crops, and no longer had to do hand harvested crops. Egypts distinguished geography, farming methods, and farming tools helped to set them up to be more advanced and outstanding society than Mesopotamian civilization.Works CitedBertman, Stephe n. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York Oxford UP, 2005.Print.Cline, Eric H., and Jill Rubalcaba. The Ancient Egyptian World. New York Oxford UP, 2005.Print.David, A. Rosalie. Geography of Ancient Egypt. Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt. NewYork Facts On File, 2003. 117-22. Print.Louis, and Jennifer. Farming and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Farming andAgriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.Roaf, Michael. Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Arlington, VA Stonehenge, 1992.Print.Wallenfels, Ronald. World Eras, Volume 8 Ancient Mesopotamia, 3300-331 BCE. Detroit Gale,2004. Print.Gill, Vernon Dale, Tom (1974). Topsoil and Civilization, University of Oklahoma Press.Grigg, D.B, (1974). Agricultural Systems of the World. Cambridge University Press.Jacobsent, Thorkild (1982). Salinity and Irrigation Agriculture in Antiquity, UndenaPublications.Leonard, Jonathan Norton, (1973). The First Farmers, Time Life Books.Louis, and Jennifer. Farmi ng and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia.Farming and Agriculture of Egypt and Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Feb. 2014.

The Relationship Between Intellectual Property And Human Rights International Law Essay

The Relationship Between intelligent Property And Human Rights International Law EssayThe aim of this assignment is to accept the sexual relationship between expert position and valet de chambre chastises. Intellectual billet corrects have spread out through m either bilateral, regional and multilateral treaties and the splendour of expert shoes is increasing with each passing day.1However, the even ups stemmed from sharp quality have started up a harsh discussion with a military personnelity rights aspect due to its affects on homosexual rights.2The problems derived from this relation have been developed in depth. In the first region, intellectual spot-related human rights law and human rights-related intellectual station law be discussed. The TRIPS Agreement is analyzed and the discussion of whether intellectual property rights are human rights is examined according to the international instruments when appropriate. One of the more intriguing questions is wheth er intellectual property rights are human rights to answer this, we should look at the international instruments. In part 2, the European Court of Human Rights decisions concerning whether the terminal figure pigheadedness in typeface 13of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms includes intellectual property rights such as treat mark, copyright, glaring. In part 3, TRIPS agreement and its impacts on the realization of human rights such as the tension between patents and right to health related to HIV and support which mostly affects to a lower placedeveloped and developing countries are analyzed.I would like to clarify in advance that all related subjects concerning the relationship between intellectual property and human rights is non analysed since there are numerous branches stemmed from that relationship. Therefore, it is required to choose the most important and relevant parts of that relationship. For instance, ne arly international instruments which are related to both intellectual property and human rights are non examined. Moreover, TRIPS Agreement does not only have negative effects on right to health barely also on other human rights however only right to life is analysed due to the same reason.The relationship between human rights and intellectual property which were formerly strangers, are now becoming intimate bedfellows. This case is stated asFor decades the two subjects developed in virtual closing off from each other. But in the last few years, international standard setting activities have begun to map previously uncharted intersections between intellectual property law on the one hand and human rights law on the other.4The interplay of human rights and intellectual property rights has reached new heights since the World Trade geological formation (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) which was enacted in 1995 and hereafter s tates, courts scholar, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the World Trade presidential term WTO), the U.N Commission on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on the publicity and Protection of Human Rights, The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological renewal (CBD) has drawn more attention to this link.5Moreover, before TRIPs Agreement was defered into effect, there had already been some impacts to create this intimate bedfellow. The first one is the adaptation of non-binding document named UDHR in 1948 by commonplace Assembly of the United Nations. by and by the cooperate World War, the problem of disregard and contempt for human rights broke out and the declaration arose from these affects of the Second World War which represents the first global expression of right. In the UDHR, the signifi thatt endtly important article in terms of in tellectual property is Article 27(2) which is analysed below.In the mid-1960s, so as to make the UDHR binding, two covenants which are ICCPR and ICESCR were adopted. Under article 17 of the ICCPR and under article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR6the link between intellectual property and human rights is once more stated and more attention is drawn to that relationship and to the debates caused by this relationship.As a result, the relationship between intellectual property rights and human rights which is quite complicated and controversial has been at the centre of the heated debates for both IP and HR specialists for over half a century. The effect of IP rules on the ability of States to comply with their obligations under international human rights such as the duty to guarantee everybody access to affordable medicines is at the core of the debate.7Despite the position that it is commonly known a perfect equalizer is probably unattainable, some international intellectual property rights such as the TRIPS Agreement recognise that optimal balance has to be created between intellectual property rights and human rights.8On the other hand, it is also argued that whether intellectual property rights are human rights.INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY-RELATED benignant RIGHTS LAWThe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR) and its two Optional Protocols, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, companionable and Cultural Rights(ICESCR) which were adopted in 1966, 1948 and 1966 respectively, form the International Bill of Human Rights. These instruments have always been used to argue that human rights covenants identify intellectual property rights as human rights.9As it is stated above Article 15(1)(c) of the ICESCR is related to the intellectual property and it recognises the right of everyone to benefit from both moral and material interests resulting from each literary, scientific or artistic production of which he is the author. Moreover, Article 15 (1) does not only talks about the guard of the material benefits of the author but also recognizes the right of plenty to take part in cultural life, enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications which means that article 15 impliedly mentions the need of balance between the rights of the author, who makes a specific contribution, with the individual and collective rights of society to benefit from this contribution.10According to some people this reading of the law is the proof of that the intellectual property rights are human rights.1112Similarly, as it is stated above Article 27(2) of UDHR is related to the intellectual property and intellectual property rights are enshrine as human rights in the UDHR under that article which states that everyone has the right to protection of moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic work of which he is the author.13However, Article 27 of UDHR and Article 15 of ICESCR lead to some questions such as all intellectual property rights are human rights. (instead of saying lead to some questions and giving only one example, say emphases that question whether intellectual property rights human rights? )According to the intellectual property right advocates these articles show that all intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, plant breeders rights are human rights.14In order to give a reasonable answer to this question, these provisions have to be examined closely in terms of the meaning of the term author.According to the majority of specialists in both areas, the term author does not contain only the article writer but also the breeder and inventor.15In my point of view, these provisions refer to the articulate author and it covers the copyright protection due to the usage of term author in copyright.(so from your point of view what is author containing and wherefore? Only saying due to it covers protection of copyright is not enough. Make more comment) However, the word authors has to be interpreted narrowly according to the VCLT rules.16Therefore, for instance, the protection of moral and material benefits of authors cannot include the meaning of protection of the benefits of a patent. In other words, when we take into retainer of Article 27(2) of UDHR and article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR it is concluded from the interpretation of these two articles that all intellectual property rights are not accepted as human rights under these provisions. why? ( mesela 15 in a b c fikralarindan bahset bu fikralarin getirdiklerine ve neyden bahsediyolar, hr baglanti var mi yok mu, authordan bahsetmissin ama asil fikranin author icin etkisinden bahsetmemissin, yani author bu fikradan nasil etkilenecek ?)At that point, General Comment No 17 which was adopted by the ECSR Committee has to be pointed out regarding the question whether Article 15(1) (c) refers to the protection of intellectual property. According to the General Comment on Article 15(1)(c) of ICESCR, it is not possible to conclude that article 15(1)(c) protects intellectual property rights or lift up intellectual property to the human rights stratosphere.17This case is mentioned in some paragraphs of General Comment such as paragraph 1 saying that it is important not to equate intellectual property rights with the human right recognized in article 15, paragrap1 (c) by showing the reasons stated in paragraph 1 and 2 where it generally stresses the difference between human rights and intellectual property rights and paragraph 7 noting that intellectual property rights entitlements, because of their different nature, are not protected at the level of human rights.Furthermore, the committee limits the scope of the author term by stating that no legal entity can be deemed to be an author through implementing the words everyone, he and she by indicating the drafters belief that authors of scientific, literary or artistic productions can o nly be natural persons.18This interpretation shows that intellectual property rights are neither recognized as human rights nor mentioned under that article. For, intellectual property right holders in most cases are legal entities such as the large companies holding patents that can have a potential to affect the medicine attainableness and exempting these companies is against its nature. On the other hand, in the light of general comment no 17, it can also be construed that not all intellectual property rights but only the natural owners intellectual property rights are recognised as human rights.Besides, article 12 of UDHR19, which provides protection against arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home or correspondence and against attacks upon honour and reputation, is also accepted within the wider intellectual property framework, such as an action for violation of confidence, trade secrets, moral rights and even disposition rights.20( bu paragraph hem kisa biraz uzun ol masi lazim hemde biraz bu konu hakkinda sende yorum yap)Moreover, the ICCPR does not provide a positive basis for the protection of intellectual property rights, but under article 17 it guarantees, indirectly, the protection of moral rights that there shall not be any unlawful attacks on a persons honour and repudiation and also Article 19 mentions the freedom of expression which contains right to receive and impart information and ideas which shows that there is further indirect protection for reputational rights.21(Freedom of expressionnun insanin en temel haklarindan oldugundan vazgecilemeyeceginden bahsedip Article 19 da da deginilmesi dolayli bir koruma getiridgine kanit oldugunu soylebilirsin)THE EUROPEAN lawcourt OF pitying RIGHTS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYFurthermore, the European Court of Human Rights has identified intellectual property rights as human rights when interpreting the term possession in Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In Anheuser-Busch Inc v Portugal case22which is related to the application of brought by Anheuser-Busch Company to register the Budweiser as a trade mark which had already been registered as a designation of origin on behalf of a Czechoslovak Company, the Grand chamber of ECHR held that IPRs undeniably attracted the protection of Article 1 of Protocol No.1 of the ECHR and that it is clear a trade mark falls within the scope of the term possession under that article. Similar decision was held for copyrights by ECHR in Basan v Moldova23that the protection under article 1 also extends to copyrights.24Besides, in Smith Kline and French Laboratories Ltd v the Netherlands25the ECHR indicated that patent amounts to a possession within the meaning of that article.26Thus, even if the scope of the term possession is not defined explicitly, there is no doubt that the intellectual property rights are protected by article 1 of protocol 1 of the convention. This interpretation is also mentioned by an author thatThe concept of possessions in the first part of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 has an autonomous meaning which is not limited to the ownership of physical goods and is independent from the formal classification in domestic law certain other rights and interests constituting assets can also be regarded as property rights, and thus as possessions for the purposes of this provision.27( concept of the possessionsi paragrafin baslarina al, caselar hakkinda cok detayli bilgi gerekmiyo bence ve sonlara dogru mahkemenin tutumunu kendi yorumunla acikca belirt)TRIPS AGREEMENT AND REALIZATION OF HUMAN RIGHTSAfter analysing the intellectual property-related human rights instruments, we should also examine the human rights related intellectual property agreement which is the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, more commonly known as TRIPS negotiated in 1994 at the Uruguay Round of GATT and the ratification of TRIPS b ecame a compulsory requirement of WTO membership. Any countries willing to enter international markets facilitated by WTO have to comply with strictly enforced intellectual property law by TRIPS. This makes TRIPS a very critical instrument for maintaining intellectual property laws in the date of globalization.The TRIPS agreement that has a so-called major aim to enhance the standards of intellectual property rights, specially in under-developed countries, has huge impacts on the realization of human rights through its implementation.28For, under TRIPS the protection of patents is strengthened however this strengthening has started being harmful for fundamental human rights such as right to health.29In other words, the nexus between the intellectual property rights and realization of human rights in under-developed countries occurs with regard to a number of human rights such as rights to health curiously in the context of the HIV/AIDS epidemics in Africa and India.30This is due to the fact that medical patents force countries to introduce product patents in pharmaceuticals, thereby not allowing the generic medicines which leads to dramatic drop in the prices of these drugs, adversely effecting the medicines accessibility and endanger the life of a substantial number of persons, thereby the human rights to health.31In my point of view, TRIPS Agreement fulfils its own obligations partly by emphasising, impliedly under article 7, the need to balance the human rights and intellectual property rights, by not providing any method on how to accomplish this balance.32Therefore, the ways of achieving that balance should be inserted by a clause into TRIPS Agreement since in terms of right to health, the affordability and accessibility of medicines, oddly by needy people, are the two major components of right to health. As a result, TRIPS Agreement, contrary to its so-called aim to enhance the standards of intellectual property rights particularly in under-developed countries, has brought benefits only to developed countries and this has done by preventing the development of developing countries. Therefore, TRIPS Agreement should be amended as soon as possible.The reaction, against the impacts of intellectual property rights on the realization of human rights such as the significant changes in the drug prices, is also taken in hand by the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights which declares that any intellectual property rights regime that which would make it more difficult for a state to comply with its core obligations in relation to the right to health and food would be inconsistent with the legally binding obligations33of the concerned state.34CONCLUSIONIn my point of view, which is also the dominant view among people concerning the question whether intellectual property rights are human rights, intellectual property rights cannot be recognized as human rights35since they are incompatible to each other. After the W TOs TRIPS agreement was adopted which made WTO countries to include patent protection for pharmaceuticals, this dominant view among authorities has strengthened and the view of adherents started to argue that the duties imposed by the TRIPS agreement, particularly in the form of medical patent, come in the way of countries fulfilling their international obligations towards fulfilling their citizens right to health, which is a well recognised human right.36Moreover, it is commonly accepted by many authorities, including authors and also the General Comment No 1737regarding the Article 15(1) (c) of ICESCR, that defining intellectual property rules as human rights is problematic at the abstractive level since on the one side human rights are the rights that are inalienable and part of universal entitlements that are not limited in time or space and cannot be suspended or curtailed. On the other side, Intellectual property rights are limited-duration statutory rights which are granted by the State. Furthermore, it is not really logical to recognise intellectual property rights as human rights whereas human rights such as right to health are recognized as rights that are inherent to mankind by virtue of their humanity. Besides, they can be curtailed in certain circumstances where they conflict with the larger interests of society.38The reason of focusing on the underdeveloped and developing countries is that HIV and AIDS affect people living in poorer countries to an exponentially greater extent than people in rich countries.39( bence, son cumleyi bu konuyu anlattigin yere eklersen daha iyi olacak gibi cunku genel bilgi verirken ozel bir aciklama yapmissin)